Materiality In Financial Statements Essays - Auditing, Materiality

Materiality In Financial Statements It is the responsibility of an independent auditor to plan and perform an audit of financial statements that will provide reasonable assurance of detecting errors and irregularities that are material in nature. According to the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the essence of the concept of materiality is: The omission or misstatement of an item in a financial report is material if, in the light of surrounding circumstances, the magnitude of the item is such that it is probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying upon the report would have been changed or influenced by the inclusion or correction of the item. Materiality is a term that is hard to quantify, and must be determined for each individual situation. Public accounting firms have established informal quantitative and qualitative measures in an attempt to establish materiality thresholds. These measures have been affected and enhanced by statements of the Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory agencies and professional organizations. In setting the preliminary judgment about materiality, auditors establish the maximum amount by which they believe the statements could be misstated and still not affect the decisions of reasonable users. An amount is considered material when it is one dollar more than the amount required for a user of financial statements to change their decision. Two broad types of materiality have been recognized: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative materiality is economic in nature and exclusively depends on the effect of a fact on the companys financial performance. Typically, public accounting firms have established quantitative materiality thresholds, and have used specific mathematical procedures in this process. Once the effect of a fact exceeds a certain percentage or amount of the item serving as the base measurement (ie. net income, stock price, or total assets), the fact is disclosed as a material statement. Qualitative materiality is not as straightforward or easy to measure. In an attempt to clarify qualitative materiality, FASB asserted that materiality judgments can properly be made only by those who have all the facts. Thus, qualitative materiality takes into account the relevance and reliability of a fact to determine its effects on the financial statements, encompassing the information available in its entirety. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an agency of the federal government whose purpose is to help to provide investors with reliable information for use in making financial and investment decisions. The SEC has determined that the creation of accounting principles and auditing standards should be left to the accounting professionals, namely the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Auditing Standards Board (ASB). However, the position of the SEC is greatly taken into account when changes are proposed. Recently, the SEC disclosed its position on the practice of using quantitative benchmarks in determining materiality. On August 12, 1999, the SEC released Staff Accounting Bulletin 99. This bulletin expressed the view of the SEC that exclusive reliance on certain quantitative thresholds to assess materiality is inappropriate. SAB 99 eliminated the common rule of thumb practice followed by most public accounting firms that allowed transactions affecting financial statements by an amount less than five percent to be disregarded and deemed immaterial. The quantifying of materiality in a percentage term should be just the beginning of a materiality analysis. The emphasis of the SECs bulletin was to encourage auditors to view facts in the context of the surrounding circumstances. All relevant factors, both quantitative and qualitative, must be accounted for and magnitude by itself, without regard to the nature of the item and the circumstances in which the judgment has to be made, will not generally be a sufficient basis for a materiality judgment. To assist auditors in determining relevant considerations in determining materiality, SAB 99 provided a partial list of situations where misstatements that are quantitatively small may be deemed material. These situations include misstatements which: Arise from an item capable of precise measurement or from an estimate and, if so, the degree of imprecision inherent in the estimate Mask a change in earnings or other trends Hide a failure to meet analysts consensus expectations for the enterprise Change a loss into income or vice versa Concern a segment or other portion of the registrants business that

Sample Essay For Ethiopian Students

Sample Essay For Ethiopian StudentsThere are many different reasons that you may want to find a sample essay for Ethiopian students. If you are a college student who needs a job as an English instructor, this could be just the perfect assignment to get that job!However, if you are currently in school, or even if you are a high school teacher, you need to figure out how to write an essay for a particular ethnic group. Here are a few tips to help you along:It is very common for people to use the same type of writing style or format for their assignments all the time. If you are applying for an employment position that requires you to write an essay, you should write from the perspective of the candidate. There are a number of ways to do this, and if you ask for a sample essay, you will get a great idea as to which method would be best for you.Most writing samples provided by employers require you to include a summary of the applicant's experience, background information, and recommenda tions. When you have included the necessary background information, you can move on to filling in the rest of the essay with the applicant's knowledge and experience.The most important piece of advice that you should remember about writing an essay for a student is that you must put the student at the top of your writing assignment. There are many different ways to approach this, but one way to go about it is to include a two paragraph summary of the applicant's personality, skills, education, work experience, hobbies, and so forth.When writing a sample essay for an applicant, you also want to include a direct quote from the interview. Some people may prefer to provide a summary of the interview as a whole, and this is fine, but if you prefer to provide a specific quote from the interview, then make sure you do. It is also a good idea to let the student know exactly what you expect from them, both for the sample essay and for the final document.When you have provided a sample essay for a specific ethnic group, your work will be easier. All you will need to do is to fill in the blanks, which is not too difficult to do, when you know what to write.